James Murphy at Watervliet Junior Senior High School

Unit One: Introduction I. Geography A. The physical/cultural setting in the Americas 1. Size and location 2. Major zones/areas a. Climate zones b. Vegetation zones c. Agricultural areas d. Natural resources 3. Factors that shaped the identity of the United States a. Major mountain ranges b. Major river systems c. Great Plains d. Atlantic/Pacific oceans e. Coastlines f. Climate g. Abundance of natural resources 4. Barriers to expansion/development a. Climate b. Mountain ranges c. Arid lands d. Great Plains B. Role/influence of geography on historical/cultural development 1. Influences on early Native American Indians 2. Influence on colonization patterns and colonial development 3. Territorial expansion 4. Impact during wartime 5. Effect of location on United States foreign policy C. Geographic issues today D. Demographics 1. Characteristics a. Gender b. Age c. Ethnicity d. Religion e. Economic variables f. Nature of household g. Marital status 2. Immigration 3. Migration 4. Population relationships/trends since 1865 a. Population b. Distribution c. Density 5. Current issues a. Graying of America b. Effects of the baby boom generation c. Changing composition of populations Unit Two: Constitutional Foundations for the United States Democratic Republic I. The Constitution: The Foundation of American Society A. Historical foundations 1. 17th and 18th-century Enlightenment thought a. European intellectuals (Locke, Monetesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau) b. Key events (Magna Carta, habeas corpus, English Bill of Rights, Glorious Revolution) 2. The peoples and peopling of the American colonies (voluntary and involuntary) a. Native American Indians (relations between colonists and Native American Indians, trade, alliances, forced labor, warfare) b. Slave trade c. Varieties of immigrant motivation, ethnicities, and experiences 3. Colonial experience: political rights and mercantile relationships a. Colonial charters and self-government: Mayflower Compact, town meetings, House of Burgesses, local government, property rights, enforceable contracts, Albany Plan of Union b. Native American governmental systens c. Colonial slavery (evolution and variation of slavery in Chesapeake, South Carolina and Georgia, lower Mississippi Valley, middle colonies, and the North; slave resistance; influence of Africa and African-American culture upon colonial cultures; contradiction between slavery and emerging ideals of freedom and liberty) d. Freedom of the press: the Zenger case e. Salutary neglect, rights of English citizens in America 4. The Revolutionary War and the Declaration of Independence a. Causes of the Revolution b. Revolutionary ideology (republican principles, natural rights) c. Revolutionary leaders: Benjamin Franklin, George Washinton, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry d. Slavery, African-Americans, and the outcome of the American Revolution (African-American role in the Revolution, growth of the "free black" population) 5. New York State Constitution based on republican principles a. New York State Constitution b. State constitutions (ratification by the people, unicameral versus bicameral legislatures, branches of government) c. Guaranteeing religious liberty (disestablishment of churches, the growth of religious pluralism) d. The abolition of salvery in the North 6. Articles of Confederation 7. Northwest Ordinance B. Constitutional Convention 1. Representation and process a. Framers of the Constitution (James Madison) b. Plans of government (Virginia plan, New Jersey plan, Connecticut plan) 2. Conflict and compromise: seeking effective institutions a. Protecting liberty against abuses of power b. Power separated and balanced c. The Constitution, slavery, and fear of tyrannical powers of government 3. The document: structure of government 4. Ratification a. The Federalist Papers- a New York activity with widespread influence b. The debate: Federalist and Anti-Federalist arguments C. The Bill of Rights D. Basic structure and function: three branches and their operation E. Basic constitutional principles 1. national power- limits and potentials 2. federalism- balance between nation and state 3. the judiciary- interpreter of the Constitution or shaper of public policy 4. civil liberties- protecting individual liberties from governmental abuses; the balance between government and the individual 5. criminal procedures- the balance between the rights of the accused and protection of the community and victims 6. equality- its historic and present meaning as a constitutional value 7. the rights of women under the Constitution 8. the rights of ethnic and racial groups under the Constitution 9. Presidential power in wartime and in foreign affairs 10. the separation of powers and the capacity to govern 11. avenues of representation 12. property rights and economic policy 13. constitutional change and flexibility F. Implementing the new constitutional principles 1. Creating domestic stability through sound financial policies: Hamilton's financial plans 2. Development of unwritten constitutional government under Washington, Adams, and Jefferson: cabinet, political parties, judicial review, executive and Congressional interpretation, lobbying; the Marshall Court (Marbury v. Madison, 1803, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819, and Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824) 3. Eastablishing a stable political system a. The Federalist and Republican parties (philosophies of Hamilton and Jefferson) b. Suppressing dissent (the Whiskey Rebellion, the Alien and Sedition Acts) 4. Neutrality and national security, Washington through Monroe: foreign affairs, establishing boundaries a. Neutrality: a key element of American foreign policy- influence of geography b. A new nation in a world at war c. Economic pressures as a tool of diplomacy d. The failure of Republican diplomacy: War of 1812 (significance of the war for Native American Indians, Spain, the growth of Industry) e. Monroe Doctrine II. The Constitution Tested: Nationalism and Sectionalism A. Factors unifying the United States, 1789-1861 1. The first and second two-party systems 2. The markey economy and interstate commerce 3. The Marshall Court B. Constitutional stress and crisis 1. Developing sectional differences and philosophies of government a. The growth of urben and industrial patterns of life in the North i. the transportation revolution (Erie Canal, rise of the port of New York, New York City's rise as a trade and manufacturing center) ii. the introduction of the factory system iii. working conditions iv. women and work v. urban problems b. Middle-class and working-class life in the pre-Civil War North (families, gender roles, schooling, childhood, living conditions, status of free blacks) c. Foreign immigration and nativist reactions (Jews; Irish mass starvation, 1845-1850; Germans; 1848 refugees; Know Nothings) d. Patterns of Southern development (growth of cotton cultivation, movement into the Old Southwest, women on plantations) e. Life under slavery (slave laws; material conditions of life; women and children; religious and cultural expression; resistance) 2. Equal rights and justice: expansion of franchise; search for minority rights; expansion of slavery; abolitionist movement; the underground railroad; denial of Native American Indian rights and land ownership a. Political democratization: national political nominating convention, secret ballot b. The rise of mass politics (John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, the spoils system, the bank war, Martin Van Buren) c. Native Americans i. History of Indian relations from 1607 ii. Native American cultural survival strategies (cultural adaptation, cultural revitalization movements, Pan-Indian movements, resistance) iii. The removal policy: Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 d. The borth of the American reform tradition (religious and secular roots; public schools; care for the physically disabled and the mentally ill; the problems of poverty and crime; antislavery; women's rights movement) 3. The great constitutional debates: states' rights versus federal supremacy (nullification); efforts to address slavery issue (Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, fugitive slave law, Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857); preservation of the Union C. Territorial expansion through diplomacy, migration, annexation, and war; Manifest Destiny 1. The Louisiana Purchase 2. Exploring and settling the West (explorers, Lewis and Clark expedition, naturalists, trappers and traders, trailblazers, missionaries, pioneers, the Mormon Church) 3. The Spanish, Mexican, and Native American West 4. Motives for and implications of expansion and western settlement 5. Politics of western expansion (Manifest Destiny, the Texas and Oregon questions, the Mexican War) 6. Impact of western expansion upon Mexicans and Native Americans D. The Constitution in jeopardy: The American Civil War 1. United States society divided a. Party disintegration and realignment and sectional polarization (Kansas-Nebraska Act, disintegration of the Whig party and the rise of the Republican Party, Dred Scott decision, John Brown's raid) b. Abraham Lincoln, the secession crisis, and efforts at compromise (Lincoln-Douglas debates, election of 1860, secession, compromise plans, Fort Sumter) 2. Wartime actions a. Military strategy, major battles (Antitam, Gettysburg), and human toll b. Impact of war on home front (civil liberties during the Civil War, women's roles) c. Government policy during the war (wartime finances, creating a national currency, transcontinental railroad, Homestead Act) d. Lincoln and emancipation (the Emancipation Proclamation, the Gettysburg Address, African-American participation in the Civil War, the 13th Amendment) Unit Three: Industrialization of the United States I. The Reconstructed Nation A. Reconstructed plans 1. Lincoln's plan 2. Congressional Reconstruction 3. Post-Civil War Amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th) 4. Impeachment of Andrew Jackson 5. The reconstructed nation and shifting relationships between the federal government, state governments, and individual citizens B. The North 1. Economic and technological impacts of the Civil War 2. Expanding world markets 3. Developing labor needs C. The New South 1. Agriculture: land and labor (sharecropping and tenant farmming) 2. Status of freedmen a. The economic, political, social, and educational experiences of formerly enslaved African-Americans b. From exclusion to segregation 3. Struggle for political control in the New South 4. Supreme Court interpretations of the 13th and 14th amendments (Civil Rights Cases, 1883) 5. The emerging debate over "proper" role of African-Americans D. End of Reconstruction 1. Disputed election of 1876 2. End of military occupation 3. Restoration of white control in the South (1870s and 1880s) and abridgment of rights of freed African Americans 4. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896: "separate but equal" E. The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction: Summary 1. On political alignments 2. On the nature of citizenship 3. On federal-state relations 4. On the development of the North as an industrial power 5. On American society II. The Rise of American Business, Industry, and Labor, 1865-1920 A. Economic transformation and the "search for order" 1. Business response to change: organize and rationalize 2. Organizational responses a. From proprietorships and partnerships to the rise of monopolies b. Incorporation c. Capital concentration; consolidation d. Expanding markets: national and international e. Merchandising changes, department stores, mail order catalogs B. Major areas of growth in business and industry 1. Transportation: railroads and automobiles; urban transportation 2. Building materials: steel 3. Energy sources: coal, oil, electricity 4. Communications: telegraph, telephone C. Representative entrepreneurs: Case studies in concentrated wealth and effort (other personalities may be substituted; local examples of enterpreise should also be used) 1. John D. Rockefeller: oil, Andrew Carnegie: steel; Ford: auto 2. Work ethic: Cotton Mather to Horatio Alger 3. Conflict between public good and provate gain, e.g., use of resources D. New business and government practices: Popular and government responses 1. Laissez-faire and government support; interpretation of 14th Amendment by Supreme Court 2. Railroad "pooling"; rate inequities (Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway v. Illinois, 1886)' railroad regulation: state and national ICC 3. Competition and absorption; mergers and trusts; Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 (United States v. E.C. Knight, 1895) E. Labor's response to economic change: Organize 1. Efforts at national labor unions: Knights of Labor (1869); AF of L (1881-1886); ILGWU (1900) a. "Bread and butter" objectives b. Unions and social issues (education) c. Attitudes towards immigrants, African-Americans, women d. Union leadership (Gompers, Debs) 2. Struggle and conflict a. Major strikes: gains and loses- Homestead, Pullman (In Re Debs, 1895), Lawrence b. Management's position c. Weapons or tactics employed in disputes between labor and management d. Attitude and role of government F. Agrarian response to economic change: Organize and protest 1. The Grange movement as agrarian protest 2. Populism: a political response- William Jennings Bryan and the election of 1896 a. Case study: The Populists as a grassroots political party 3. National government response: Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 III. Adjusting Society to Industrialism: American People and Places A. Impact of industrialization 1. Urban growth a. Attractions: jobs, education, culture, public education system b. Problems (slums, increased crime, inadequate water and sanitation services) c. Skyscrapers and elevators; tenements and walk-ups d. Social Darwinism, increased class division, conspicuous consumption, social conscience, philanthropy 2. Work and workers a. Factories and people- immigration patterns of settlement b. Geographic, economic, social, and political considerations c. Working conditions: "wage slavery" d. Living conditions: company towns and urban slums e. The Great Migration: the migration of African-Americans to the North 3. Women, families, and work a. Traditional roles- Victorian ideal and reality b. Outside and inside their homes: double drudgery c. Jobs for domestics, laundresses, and textile workers; technology brought jobs as telephone operators and typists d. Emerging family patterns: two wage earners, broken homes e. Problems of child labor, elderly, disabled, and African-American women i. Case study: child labor f. Role of religion in a pluralistic society i. Religious tolerance develops slowly ii. Puritan beliefs and values influenced our historical development iii. Religion and party politics to 1896 4. The growing middle class (consumerism and its material benefits and effects) 5. Art and literature (Mark Twain and penny dailies) B. Immigration, 1850-1924 1. New sources: eastern/southern Europe; Asia- the "new ethnicity" a. Case studies: Italian immigration, Chinese immigration (1850-1924, West to East migration), Russian/Jewish immigration 2. The impulses abroad 3. The attractions here: labor shortages, liberty, and freedoms 4. Urbanization: ghettos 5. "Americanization" process 6. Impacts on family, religion, education, and politics 7. Contributions to American society a. Diversity of the United States population C. Reactions to the "new" immigration 1. Cultural pluralism: assimilation (Americanization), acculturation ("melting pot" or cultural pluralism), or both 2. Nativist reactions: stereotyping and prejudice a. Case study: Irish immigration 3. Impact on African-Americans and other established minorities 4. "Yellow Peril," West Coast restrictions 5. Literacy testing, 1917 6. The Red Scare 7. Quota acts of 1921 and 1924 D. The frontier (1850-1890) 1. Land west of the Mississippi a. Rolling plains and the Great American Desert b. Native American Indian nations; concept of oneness with the environment c. The Homestead Act, 1862, and the settlement of the West 2. The impact of industrialization a. Improved transportation facilitated shipping of foodstuffs and migration of population b. Western migration of immigrants c. Potential for investment: development of key urban centers 3. Native American Indians a. Pressures of advancing white settlement: differing views of land use and ownership b. Treaties and legal status c. The Indian wars: 1850-1900 d. Legislating Indian life: reservations; Dawes Act (1887) e. Indian civil rights laws- legal status of Native American Indians, 1887-1970: citizenship, 1924; self-government, 1934; self-determination, 1970 Unit Four: The Progressive Movement- Responses to the Challenges Brought About by Industrialization and Urbanization I. Reform in America A. Pressures for reform 1. Progressives supported the use of government power for different reform purposes 2. Effects of developing technologies and their social, ethical, and moral impacts 3. Struggle for fair standards of business operation and working conditions (Lochner v. New York, 1905; Muller v. Oregon, 1908) 4. Increasing inequities between wealth and poverty 5. Rising power and influemce of the middle class B. Progress: Social and economic reform and consumer protection 1. The "Muckrakers" abd reform a. Magazine writers (Steffens, Tarbell) b. Novelists (Norris, Sinclair) c. Legislation (Pure Food and Drgu Act, 1906; Meat Inspection Act, 1906) 2. Other areas of concern a. Social settlement movement and the problems of poverty (Jacob Riis, Jane Addams) b. Women's rights and efforts for peace i. The suffrage movement (Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony); Seneca Falls ii. Beginnings of fight for borth control (Margaret Sanger) iii. Peace movement c. The black movement and reform (Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois) i. Formation of NAACP (1912) ii. Ida Wells (anti-lynching) iii. Marcus Garvey d. Temperance/prohibition e. Formation of Anti-Defamation League (1913) C. Progressivism and government action 1. Emerging Progressive movement: political reform a. Influence of America's urban middle class b. Municipal and state reform i. Municipal reform: response to urban problems ii. Sudden growth and needed services c. Progressive state reform: e.g., Wisconsin (Robert LaFollette); New York (Theodore Roosevelt); Massachusetts (initiative referendum, recall); economic, social, environmental reforms 2. Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal a. The stewardship theory of the Presidency b. Legislation strengthening railroad regulation and consumer protection c. "Trust-busting" and court cases (Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 1904); rule of reason: Standard Oil 3. Conservation a. Theodore Roosevelt's concern for nature, land, and resources b. Federal legislation and projects: effects on states' limits c. Roles of Gifford Pinchot and John Muir 4. Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom a. Progressivism at its zenith; the 1912 election: Taft, Roosevelt, Wilson b. The Underwood Tariff and the graduated income tax c. Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Commission d. The Federal Reserve System (monetary controls) e. Women's suffrage amendment 5. World War I: effect on domestic reform II. The Rise of American Power A. An emerging global involvement 1. From old diplomacy to new, 1865-1900 a. Role of increased American power i. Communications technology ii. American attitudes toward international role iii. Growth of naval power b. Perry and the "opening" of Japan (1854) 2. Other Pacific overtures a. United States and China: the Chinese perspective (Boxer Rebellion) b. The Open-Door policy c. Acquisition of Hawaii d. Naval bases: Samoa 3. Imperialism: the Spanish-American War a. Causes for war b. United States empire- Puerto Rico; Cuban protectorate (the Platt Amendment) i. Acquisition of the Philippines: "the great debate" ii. Disposition of territories iii. Constitutional issues 4. Latin American affairs a. Monroe Doctrine update (Roosevelt corollary): the view from Latin America b. West Indies protectorates ("the big stick") c. Panama Canal: acquisition and construction; Canal retrocession treaty d. Taft and dollar diplomacy B. Restraint and involvement: 1914-1920 1. United States involvement a. Efforts at neutrality and "preparedness" b. Causes of United States entry into World War I c. United States role in the war d. United States reaction to the Russian Revolution C. Wartime constitutional issues 1. War opposition and patriotism: the draft issue 2. Espionage and Sedition acts 3. Schenck v. United States, 1919; clear and present danger doctrine 4. Red Scare, 1918-1919 D. The search for peace and arms control: 1914-1930 1. The peace movement: Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 2. War aims: The Fourteen Points 3. Treaty of Versailles: Wilson's role 4. League of Nations: Henry Cabot Lodge and the United States Senate rejection 5. Washington Naval Disarmament Confertence (1920s) 6. Reparations and was debts (United States as a world banker) 7. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) 8. Establishment of the World Court Unit Five: At Home and Abroad- Prosperity and Depression, 1917-1940 I. War and Prosperity: 1917-1929 A. Impact of war 1. War's effects on gender roles, on African-Americans, and other minority groups 2. Case Study: Movement of African-Americans from the South to northern cities 3. Return to "normalcy": 1918-1921 B. The twenties: Business boom or false prosperity? 1. Post World War I recession 2. Avarice and scandal: Teapot Dome 3. Coolidge prosperity; not for everyone 4. Problems on the farm a. Expansion, mortages, and advancing technology b. Farmers and minorities fail to share in economic benefit 5. Speculative boom: the "big bull market" C. Mass consumption and the clash of cultural values 1. Mass consumption a. The automobile: new industries, products, and services b. Installment buying: consumer durable goods (appliances) c. Real estate boom and suburban development; its economic and geographic implications: decline of trolleys and trains, improvement of roads i. The emergence of new regional, political, and economic units d. Entertainment: radio; motion pictures; advertising and cultural homogenization 2. Constitutional and legal issues a. Threats to civil liberties: Red Scare, Ku Klux Klan, and Saccoo and Vanzetti b. Prohibition (18th Amendment) and the Volstead Act: stimulus to crime, public attitudes, repeal (21st Amendment) c. Science, religion, and education: the Scopes trials (1925) d. Restrictions on immigration: closing the "golden door" 3. Shifting cultural values a. Revolution in morals and manners: facts, flappers, and Freud b. Women's changing roles i. Effect of World War I ii. Involvement in the political process: the 19th Amendment iii. Health and working conditions iv. WOmen in the workforce v. Emerging role: emphasis on wife rather than mother c. The literary scene i. Sinclair Lewis, Ernest Hemingway, Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, and F. Scott Fitzgerald ii. The Harlem Renaissance: Duke Ellignton, Langston Hughes, Bessie Smith II. The Great Depression A. Onset of the Depression 1. Weakness in the economy a. Overproduction/underconsumption (maldistribution of wealth) b. Overexpansion of credit (e.g., buying stock on margin) 2. The stock market crash a. Worldwide nature- Growing financial interdependence b. Interdependence banking systems c. International trade d. Political repercussions 3. The Hoover response a. Rugged individualism; "tickle down" economics b. Reconstruction Finance Corporation 4. Unemployment, the Bonus Army, Hoovervilles; impact on women and minorities B. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: Relief, recovery, and reform programs 1. Relief of human suffering a. Bank "holiday"; Emergency Banking Act b. Federal Emergency Relief Act c. Unemployment: WPA, PWA, CCC; troubling equity issues 2. Recovery of the United States economy a. NRA: "codes of fair competition" b. Mortgage relief: HOLC, FHA c. First and second AAA, scarcity and parity 3. Search for effective reform (program examples) a. Banking: Glass-Steagall Act (FDIC) b. Stock markey: SEC c. Social Security d. Labor i. Wagner Act (NLRB) ii. Labor Standards Act 4. Labor's response: Formation of CIO 5. Controversial aspects of the New Deal a. Constitutional issues i. Supreme Court and the NRA (Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 1935) ii. Supreme Court and the AAA iii. TVA: model yardstick or creeping socialism b. 1936 election "mandate" c. Roosevelt's "Court-packing" proposal: failure and success d. 1940: third-ter, controversy (the unwritten constitution) e. Passage of the 22nd Amendment 6. The human factor a. FDR as communicator and his efforts to restore public confidence; press conferences, "fireside chats," and effective use of the radio b. Elanor Roosevelt as the President's eyes and ears c. The Dust Bowl and the Okies d. The New Deal and women (Frances Perkins) e. The New Deal and minorities (shift in African-American vote): discriminatory results f. Indian Reorganization Act (1934) 7. Culture of the Depression a. Literature: John Steinbeck and Langston Hughes b. Music: jazz, swing (big bands) c. Art: WPA, fine arts, Hollywood, comic books 8. Opposition to the New Deal: Al Smoth, Norman Thomas, Huey Long, Father Coughlin, Dr. Townsend Unit Six: The United States in an Age of Global Crisis- Responsibility and Cooperation I. Peace in Peril: 1933-1950 A. Isolation and neutrality 1. Causes of disillusion and pacifism 2. Neutrality Acts of 1935-37 3. Spanish Civil War : testing war technology and ideology 4. FDR's "quarantine" speech (1937) B. Failure of peace; triumph of aggression 1. Aggression of Japan, Germany, Italy: 1932-1940 2. Appeasemet: The Munich Conference (1938) 3. German attack on Poland: start of World War II in Europe 4. Gradual United States involvement a. Neutrality Act of 1939 ("cash and carry") b. Lend-Lease Act and 50 overage destroyers deal c. The moral dimension: The Atlantic Charter (August 1941) C. The United States in World War II 1. Pearl Harbor 2. The human dimensions of the war a. The "arsenal of democracy" (feats of productivity) b. Role of women: WACs; Rosie the Riveter; return of the retired c. Mobilization: the draft; minority issues d. Financing the war: war bond drives; Hollywood goes to war e. Rationing f. Experiences of men and women in military service 3. Allied strategy and leadership a. Assistance to Soviet Union b. Europe first c. Atwo-front war 4. The atomic bomb a. The Manhattan Project (role of refugees) b. Truman's decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan: Hiroshima and Nagasaki c. United States occupation of Japan; the "MacArthur constitution" d. Japanese war crime trials 5. The war's impact on minorities a. Incarceration of West Coast Japanese-Americans: Executive Order 9006; Korematsu v. United States, 1944 b. Extent of racially integrated units in the military c. The Nazi Holocaust: United States and world reactions d. The Nuremberg war crimes trials; later trials of other Nazi criminals, e.g., Eichmann, Barbie 6. Demobilization a. Inflation and strikes b. The G.I. Bill; imact on education and housing c. Truman's Fair Deal d. Partisan problems with Congress e. Minorities continued to find it difficult to obtain fair practices in housing, employment, education f. Upset election of 1948; Truman versus Dewey g. Truman and civil rights II. Peace with Problems: 1945-1960 A. International peace efforts 1. Formation of the United Nations 2. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights a. Elanor Roosevelt's role b. Senate response 3. Displaced persons: refugee efforts B. Expansion and containment: Europe 1. Summitry: Yalta and Potsdam, establishing "spheres of influence" 2. The Iron Curtain: Winston Churchill 3. Postwar uses for United States power a. The Truman Doctrine: Greece and Turkey b. The Marshall Plan i. Aid for Europe ii. The Common Market iii. European Parliament c. Berlin airlift d. Formation of NATO alliance C. Containment in Asia, Africa, and Latin America 1. The United States and Japan a. Separate peace treaty (1951) b. Reconstruction of Japan 2. The United States and China a. Rise to power of Mao Zedong and the People's Repubic of China b. Chiang Kai-shek to Taiwan (1949) 3. USSR tests an A-bomb (1949) 4. The "hot war" in Asia: Korean War a. The Yalu River: China enters the war b. United Nations efforts: MacArthur, Truman, and "limited war" c. Stalemate and truce (1953) 5. Point four aid: Africa, Asia, Latin America D. The Cold War at home 1. Truman and government loyalty checks a. Case studies: The Smith Act and the House Un-American Activities Committee (Watkins v. United States, 1957); the Alger Hiss case (1950); the Rosenberg trial (1950) 2. Loyalty and dissent: the case of Robert Oppenheimer 3. McCarthyism 4. Politics of the Cold War a. Loss of China b. Stalemate in Korea c. Truman's falling popularity Unit Seven: World in Uncertain Times, 1950 - Present I. Toward a Postindustrial World: Living in a Global Age A. Changes within the United States 1. Energy sources (nuclear power) 2. Materials (plastics, light metals) 3. Technology (computers) 4. Corporate structures (multinational corporations) 5. Nature of employment (agriculture to industry to service) 6. Problems (waste disposal, air/water pollution, growing energy usage, depleting resources, e.g., domestic oil supply) II. Containment and Consensus: 1945-1960 A. Review postwar events 1. Emerging power relationships: East/West; North/South; (haves/have-nots; developed/developing nations) B. Eisenhower foreign policies 1. The end of the Korean War 2. John Foster Dulles, the domino theory and massive retaliation; brinkmanship posture 3. The H-bomb; atomns for peace 4. Summits and U-2s 5. Establishment of SEATO 6. Controversy: Aswan Dam and Suez Canal 7. Polish and Hungarian uprisings 8. Eisenhower Doctrine: intervention in Lebanon 9. Sputnik: initiating the space race C. Comestic politics and constitutional issues 1. The Eisenhower peace a. Returning the United States to a peacetime economy b. Interstate Highway Act (1956) c. Suburbanization 2. Civil rights a. Jackie Robinson breaks the color barrier b. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 c. Beginnings of modern civil rights movement i. Rose pArks and the Montgomergy bus boycott ii. Little Rock: school desegregation iii. Segregation in public transportation ruled unconstitutional iv. Sit-ins: nonviolent tactic v. Civil Rights Act of 1957 D. The people 1. Prosperity and conservatism a. Postwar consumption: homes, autos, and television b. New educational opportunities: G.I. Bill c. The baby boom and its effects 2. Migration and immigration a. Suburbanization: Levittowns b. Cities: declining c. New immigration patterns: Caribbean focus III. Decade of Change: 1960s A. The Kennedy years 1. The New Frontier: dreams and promises a. Civil rights actions i. James Meredith at the University of Mississippi ii. Public career of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Birmingham protest ("Letter from Birmingham Jail") iii. Assassination of Medgar Evers iv. March on Washington 2. Foreign policy and Cold War crises a. Bay of Pigs invasion b. Vienna Summit/Berlin Wall c. Cuban missile crisis d. Laos and Vietnam e. Latin America and the Alliance for Progress f. Peace Corps g. Launching the race to the Moon h. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963, 1967; Hot Line established 3. Movement for rights of disabled citizens a. Background i. Historic attitude that disabled were defective ii. Emergence of humanitarian view in 19th century, development of large institutions iii. Development of the concept of normalization; early 20th century programs of education and training b. Kennedy administration, 1961-1963; beginning awareness, changing attitudes i. President's Council on Mental Retardation ii. Special Olympics c. Litigation and legislation; 1960-present i. Education of the Handicapped Act, 1966 ii. Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 1971 iii. Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504 iv. Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990 d. Dependence to independence i. Activism by disabled veterans ii. Deinstitutionalization iii. Mainstreaming 4. Assassination in Dallas B. Johnson and the Great Society 1. Expanding on the Kennedy social programs a. War on poverty; VISTA b. Medicare c. Federal aid to education d. Environmental issues and concerns 2. The Moon landing: the challenge of space exploration 3. Continued demands for equality: civil rights movement a. Black protest, pride, and power i. NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People): legal judicial leadership, Urban League b. Case studies i. SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee): sit-in movement among college students ii. SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference): promote nonviolent resistance, sit-ins, boycotts iii. CORE (Congree of Racial Equality): "Freedom Riders" iv. Testing of segregation laws v. Others: Black Muslims; prominence of Malcolm X: advocating separation of races, separate state in the United States vi. Civil unrest: Watts riot, 1965, as example; Kerner Commission vii. Assassination of Malcolm X (February 1965) c. Legislative impact i. Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 1964) ii. 24th Amendment (eliminating poll tax) iii. Voting Rights Act, 1965 iv. Court decisions since 1948 upholding or modifying preferential treatment in employment; equal access to housing; travel and accomodations; voting rights; educational equity v. Fair Housing Act, 1965 4. Demands for equality: women a. The modern women's movement i. Kennedy Commission and the Civil Rights Act, 1963-1964 ii. NOW (1966) to present b. Issues i. Shifting roles and images ii. Equal Rights Amendment (failure to ratify) iii. Roe v. Wade, 1973 iv. Equality in the workplace: compensation, the glass ceiling v. Increased focus on domestic abuse 5. Rising consciousness of Hispanic-Americans a. "Brown power" movement b. Organizing farm labor (Cesar Chavez) c. Cuban and Haitian immigration d. Increasing presence in American politics 6. Demands for equality: American Indian Movement (AIM) and other protests a. Occupation of Alcatraz b. The "long march" c. Wounded Knee, 1973 7. Rights of the accused a. Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 b. Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 c. Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 8. Legislative reapportionment a. Baker v. Carr, 1962 IV. The Limits of Power: Turmoil at Home and Abroad, 1965-1972 A. Vietnam: sacrifice and turmoil 1. The French-Indochinese War: early United States involvement; Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy policies (review how foreign policy is formulated) 2. United States and the spread on communism; domino theory; credibility of other United States commitments 3. Civil war in South Vietnam; concept of guerrilla warfare 4. LBJ and the Americanization of the war a. Fear of "losing" Vietnam b. Escalation and United States assumptions; Tet offensive 5. Student protests at home a. Draft protesters b. Polticial radicals: protests, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), antiwar c. Cultural radicals: hippies and communalists 6. 1968: A year of turmoil a. President Johnson's decision not to seek reelection b. Assassinations of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (April 1968) and Robert Kennedy (June 1968) c. The Democratic Convention; war protesters disrupt proceedings d. Impact of the Vietnam War on society V. The Trend Toward Conservatism, 1972-1985 A. Nixon as President, 1969-1974 1. Domestic policies and events a. Modifications to Great Society programs (OSHA, Federal Energy Office, DEA, Clean Air Act, food stamps, revenue sharing) b. The Moon landing c. Environmental Protection Agency (1970) d. Self-determination for American Indians (1970) e. Ratficiation of the 16th Amendment (1971) f. Title IX- equal education access (1972) 2. Nixon's internationalism a. Henry Kissinger and realpolitik i. Withdrawal from Vietnam and Cambodia; peace talks and signing of Paris Peace Accords (Pentagon papers, New York Times v. United States, 1971) ii. Nixon Doctrine iii. Opening to China iv. Detente: SALT and grain 3. The Presidency in crisis a. Resignation of Spiro Agnew b. Watergate affair and its constitutional implications c. United States v. Nixon, 1974 d. The impeachment process and resignation B. The Ford and Carter Presidencies 1. The appointive Presidency: Ford and Rockefeller (the constitutional aspects) 2. Domestic policy issues a. Pardon for Nixon and amnesty for draft evaders b. Oil crisis: shifting energy priorities c. Environmental concerns i. Three Mile Island ii. Acid rain iii. Toxic waste 3. Foreign policy issues: the United States after Vietnam a. Fall of South Vietnam, 1975 b. Oil crisis: Middle East in turmoil c. East mediation: Camp David Accords d. The Afghanistan invasion: Olympics and grain- diplomatic weapons e. Iranian hostage crisis: 1979-1981 C. Reagan and Bush, the "new" federalism and growth of conservatism 1. Supply-side economics 2. Tax policy and deficits 3. Environmental and civil rights policies 4. Effects on minorities 5. The Supreme Court and the schools a. Engle v. Vitale, 1962 b. Tinker v. Des Moines School District, 1969 c. New Jersey v. TLO, 1985 d. Vernonia School District v. Acton, 1995 D. New approaches to old problems 1. Feast and famine: the farmer's dilemma 2. The problems of pverty in an affluent society- "the underclass" 3. The "new" immigrants; (Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986) 4. Changing demographic patterns (growing numbers of elderly) E. Renewed United States power image 1. Central America and the Caribbean: debt and stability; Sandinistas, Contras, El Salvadorians 2. Middle East: wat and hostages F. Trade imbalance and divesting 1. Japan: trade imbalance 2. United States and South Africa G. United States - Soviet relations 1. Gorbachev and Soviet relations 2. "Star Wars" and arms limitation efforts 3. Cuts in defense spending and the fall of the Soviet Union VI. Approaching the Next Century, 1986-1999 A. The Bush Presidency 1. Case study: the election of 1988 a. Effects of demographics b. Rise of a third party (H. Ross Perot) c. Increasing influence of political action committees 2. Domestic issues a. Environmental concerns b. Immigration issues c. Savings and loan scandal d. Social concerns (Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 1990 and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania, et al. v. Casey, 1992 ) 3. Foreign policy issues a. Dissolution of the Soviet Union b. Fall of the Berlin Wall and German reunification (1990) c. Crisis in Bosnia d. Persian Gulf crisis B. The Clinton Presidency 1. Domestic issues a. Social concerns i. Health care ii. Education iii. Welfare reform iv. Stability of the Social Security system b. Economic concerns i. Role of technologies ii. Impact of the baby boom generation iii. Balanced budget amendment (debate) iv. Market trends: the bull market of the 1990s c. Political concerns i. Senate Whitewater investigations ii. Gun control iii. Campaign finance reform (debate) d. Impeachment and acquittal 2. Foreign policy issues a. United States- Middle East relations: Israeli-PLO agreement (Rabin-Arafat) b. United States in the global economy i. NAFTA ii. GATT iii. Economic aid to Russia iv. United States trade with China, Japan, and Latin America c. Intervention in Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and Yugoslavia d. United States- Russian relations; 1990 to the present e. United States- European relations: European Union (EU), NATO found on NYLEARNS.org